The Origins of British Columbia in Canada

The province of British Columbia, also known as BC, is one of the 10 provinces and three territories that make up Canada. The name, British Columbia, refers to the Columbia River, which flows from the Canadian Rockies into the American state of Washingon. Queen Victoria proclaimed British Columbia a British colony in 1858. British Columbia is on the west coast of Canada, sharing both a northern and southern border with the United States. To the south are Washington State, Idaho, and Montana, and Alaska is on its northern border. Origin of the Province Name British Columbia refers to the Columbia District, the British name for the territory drained by the Columbia River, in southeastern British Columbia, which was the namesake of the Columbia Department of the Hudsons Bay Company. Queen Victoria chose the name British Columbia to distinguish what was the British sector of the Columbia District from that of the United States or the American Columbia, which became the Oregon Territory on August 8, 1848, as a result of a treaty. The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, which gave rise to the city of Victoria. The capital of British Columbia remains Victoria. Victoria is the 15th largest metropolitan area of Canada. The largest city in British Columbia is Vancouver, which the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada and the largest in Western Canada. The Columbia River The Columbia River was so named by American sea captain Robert Gray for his ship the Columbia Rediviva, a privately owned ship, which he navigated through the river in May 1792 while trading fur pelts. He was the first non-indigenous person to navigate the river, and his voyage was eventually used as a basis for the United States claim on the Pacific Northwest. The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. It flows northwest and then south into the U.S. state of Washington, then turns west to form most of the border between Washington and the state of Oregon before emptying into the Pacific Ocean. The Chinook tribe who live near the lower Columbia River, call  the river Wimahl. The Sahaptin people who live near the middle of the river, near Washingon, called it Nch’i-Wà  na. And, the river is known as swahnetkqhu by the Sinixt people, who live in the rivers upper reaches in Canada. All three terms essentially mean the big river.

Essay On Caffeine - 975 Words

One of the most popular and convenient drugs in the world is consumed by most americans every single day. When drinking a hot cup of coffee in the morning, having a cold glass of soda in your lunch, or sitting down for dinner with your relaxing cup of tea, many fail to realize the main addictive ingredient in all three of these beverages is caffeine. Caffeine is something most people overlook in their daily lives and can be harmful if taken too much. Typically, the majority of not only adults, but more recently a growing number of teenagers, rely on their daily dose of caffeine to get them through the day in hopes to not get a sense of fatigue. â€Å"Eighty three percent of adults can’t imagine life without their favorite cup of java.† (Healthy†¦show more content†¦The story says that a farmer noticed his cattle acting ancy and relentless, a few days later he went to check on them and found berries they had been chewing. These beans had been later dried and ren amed â€Å"coffee beans†, which is a very popular association today between caffeine and users. As stated from this story, the first discovery of anything with caffeine was the coffee bean. Humans have consumed caffeine since the stone age. â€Å"Early peoples found that chewing seeds, bark, or leaves certain plants had the effects of easing fatigue, stimulating awareness, and elevating moods.† (â€Å"Science†). Ever since this time, the people who consumed it knew the effects it would have on your body. By the early 1500’s, caffeine was used regularly to stay awake for nighttime rituals. When this was going on, people into the community started to get suspicious. The ruler of the community banned coffee completely, but didn’t let it last long because the people of the town were so outraged. In the 1980’s, the FDA considered taking caffeine out of all soft drinks. Companies argued that it was a flavor enhancer, so it should be allowed, and t hey won. â€Å"If caffeine had not been accepted as a flavor enhancer, but had been regarded as a psychoactive ingredient, soft drinks might have been regulated by the FDA as drugs.† (Chicago Tribune). This is an ongoing struggle everywhere in the world, and it needs to be addressed more. As I stated before,Show MoreRelatedEssay On Caffeine1032 Words   |  5 Pages Have you ever drank a cola or any type of soda? Have you read or heard about the main ingredient including caffeine? Well caffeine is a bitter powder like substance thats very unhealthy and healthy in the same cause. Caffeine can lead to heart attacks but if taken in the right amount can help with long days at work. Caffeine is in items such as Coca-Cola, mountain dew, coffee etc. all sodas and caffeinated drinks can lead to serious heart failure, heart attacks, insomnia, mood drops and can evenRead MoreEssay On Caffeine921 Words   |  4 Pageswhat you’re doing to your body. Caffeine is this amazing thing that has been around forever. Even when we did not use it, it was used by plants as a defense mechanism. To fight the battle against insects, plants developed the caffeine that we all love and cherish today. It was developed on the Arabic Peninsula around 1000 AD into coffee. And then evolved into what we know today. But other than its history, caffeine has different effects with everybody. Caffeine is also a neuro-stimulant, which meansRead MoreEssay On Caffeine1328 Words   |  6 Pages Today how many people drink caffeine daily and do not realize the harmful effects of doing so? Caffeine is found in many common drinks consumed by both adults and children on a daily basis. People are not concerned with the impact of caffeine on their bodies. Caffeine is addictive and the brain will become dependent on it to keep the mind awake. Caffeine keeps the body from falling asleep by blocking the adenosine receptors; adenosine is what makes the person sleepy. Caffeinated drinks are especiallyRead MoreEssay On Caffeine1454 Words   |  6 Pagesanxiety issues could make that problem for them worse. It is advised if the person does have this issue to use caffeine very carefully. There are many diseases that could possible get worse with the use of caffeine. Bipolar, Bleeding disorders, heart conditions, diabetes, diarrhea, epilepsy, glaucoma, osteoporosis, these are all diseases that could possibly be worsened by the use of caffeine or products with. In young adults drinking 4 or more cups of coffee significantly could risk heart attack andRead MoreEssay On Caffeine1263 Words   |  6 Pages28 May 2017 Caffeine Is A Killer Caffeine is the most utilized and popular nervous system stimulant, but it is legal and unregulated all across the world; however, the question is, should it be regulated because of the consequences that come along with it? Caffeine is killing people with how high the consumption rate has gone up; â€Å"about 83% of adults drink coffee in the U.S.† (Coffee grinds US for the nation, KAren Fernau). Because of how much people are taking advantage of caffeine to get throughRead MoreEssay On Caffeine1129 Words   |  5 PagesCaffeine is a widely used substance that is known to provide wakefulness and allow for better concentration in the workspace or classroom. SYMPTOMS OF INGESTING CAFFEINE Caffeine is absorbed within the gastrointestinal tract and within 30 to 60 minutes’ maximum levels of caffeine are in your blood stream and symptoms can last for up to 12 hours (Thein, L. A., 1995). Since caffeine increases your metabolic rate and it also increases oxygen consummation it can increase heat production within yourRead MoreEssay On Caffeine1436 Words   |  6 PagesCaffeine to the average consumer is just an ingredient that keeps the consumer awake. This is a mental stimulant that blocks receptors in the brain, simulating that the consumer is not tired. Given that everyone is not informed about the many other things that caffeine does to one’s body, it is acceptable in society without question. Almost everyone on Earth has access to some form of caffeine—regardless of age. Caffeine is available in a variety of things like food, drinks, plants and even medicationsRead MoreEssay On Caffeine1104 Words   |  5 Pages caffeine prevention is possible. M ix decaffeinated coffee in with regular coffee and drink coffee with low fat milk. Brew tea for less time. It would be better to pick soft drinks without caffeine in them. Then, try to avoid sodas and energy drinks with caffeine added. Speak to a pharmacist or healthcare provider to find out if any of the nonprescription medications or herbal products that one takes include caffeine. Then, try not to change the way he or she takes medication without the adviceRead MoreCaffeine Essay867 Words   |  4 Pagesimprove your memory because of a drug called caffeine. Caffeine is contained in many different kinds of foods and drinks like coffee, chocolate and tea. It is a legal drug that consumed worldwide. Its function is to stimulate the central nervous system associated with brain function that affects mental performance especially alertness, attention and concentration. Theobromine is an active ingredient of chocolate that is found in cocoa. Theobromine and caffeine are related and ha ve similar structures.Read MoreEssay On Caffeine1241 Words   |  5 PagesCaffeine By: Latasha Betsoi 7B †¢ What are the risks of mixing caffeine and alcohol? ‘’When alcohol is mixed with caffeine, the caffeine can mask the depressant effects of alcohol, making drinkers feel more alert than they would otherwise. While mixing caffeine and alcohol is increases your energy and it can mask the effects of alcohol.† Site: www.cdc.gov/alcohol and www.healthline.com †¢ What are the harmful and beneficial effects of caffeine? â€Å"Caffeine acts as a central nervous system

Obesity Obesity And Diabetes - 833 Words

Being Fat or simply overweight used to be celebrated and admired, now it’s stigmatized and looked down upon. Getting fat used to give us a genetic edge: When food was scarce, we needed to store backup reserves of energy, because we couldn’t always guarantee when or where we’d find our next meal. However, as our food industry and the infrastructure of our economy changes, so do our views and options. Over the past several years, obesity has become a serious health concern in all around the world, Including the United States; overweight is at least partly responsible for the dramatic increase in diagnoses of type two diabetes (on-set diabetes) among children and adults. Diabesity is the label for diabetes occurring in the context of obesity (McNaughton 71 ). In Diabesity and the stigmatization of lifestyle in Australia we diagnose the correlation between obesity and diabetes; whether one of them is a product of the other, the fact is there’s a solid boundary between being thin and big. We know that overweight can be risk factors for other diseases, not only diabetes. As McNaughton stated in reality we can’t justify that just because an individual is obese that they have diabetes or vice versa; overweight and obesity are cohesively held up as significant risk factors for type two diabetes, the relationship between them is actually very complicated (McNaughton 72). Diabesity has been recognized as a major public health problem that is exponentially growing to becoming aShow MoreRelatedObesity And Diabetes : Obesity Essay992 Words   |  4 PagesReview of Literature Obesity and Diabetes Obesity in the United States has more than doubled over the past four decades. Prevalence of obesity cause many other disease such as diabetes and heart issues. Obesity can be described as a health condition of a person or people of a population that have excess body fat. Diabetes is a disease related to high level of blood sugar in the blood. Obesity and diabetes are among disease that have direct relationship with each other. As obesity increase in a populationRead MoreObesity : Diabetes And Obesity2274 Words   |  10 PagesDiabetes and Obesity in Southside Coalition One of the obesity characteristics include having metabolic syndrome for risk factors diseases such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes (Feizi, et. al, 2015). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is becoming a significant problem in the United States. In fact since the 1990’s, only 1 -2 % of children with diabetes mellitus had type 2 diabetes and rates have grown since then (Rodbard, 2008). To help reduce the prevalence of these disorders, the DiabetesRead MoreThe Rate Of Obesity And Diabetes2465 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction The rates of obesity and diabetes in mothers are quickly increasing across America. As it stands, roughly 40 percent of all women are obese, with over half of women in childbearing age being overweight, according to an article published in ScienceNews (Beil 2016). Diabetes is following a similar trend, as obesity is known to relate to its onset (Krakowiak et al 2012). Unfortunately, both conditions negatively impact the development of offspring during pregnancy (Krakowiak et. al 2012)Read MoreThe Epidemic Of Obesity And Diabetes Essay1432 Words   |  6 Pagestually zero.’ That’s a reasonable estimate of the probability that public health authorities in the foreseeable future will successfully curb the worldwide epidemics of obesity and diabetes, at least according to Margaret Chan, the director general of the World Health Organization (WHO) – a person who should know. Virtually zero is the likelihood, Chan said at the National Academy of Medicine’s annua l meeting in October, that she and her many colleagues worldwide will successfully prevent ‘a badRead MoreObesity And Type 2 Diabetes Essay1138 Words   |  5 PagesIn the nursing practice, obesity and Type 2 Diabetes are among the issues healthcare practitioners are dealing with. The problem has blown to epidemic proportions to a point whereby over 22 percent of the patients visiting the hospital are either diabetic or obese. Currently, 20 percent of the world’s adult population is classed as obese with more than 10 percent of children over 6 years being affected. Obesity is defined as the excess storage of body fat and plays a great role as a risk factor forRead MoreType Ii Diabetes: Obesity1729 Words   |  7 PagesType II diabetes: obesity and overweight Monica Davila DeVry Type II diabetes: obesity and overweight Diabetes has become a widespread epidemic, primarily because of the increasing prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is an endocrine disease in which the body has either a shortage of insulin or a decrease ability to use insulin or both. Insulin is a hormone that allows glucose to enter the cells and be converted into energy. Diabetes can be characterized as a prevailing, incapacitatingRead MoreObesity, Diabetes And Lung Cancer1046 Words   |  5 PagesEpidemiological studies: Critical Review of Obesity, Diabetes and Lung Cancer Epidemiological Study on Obesity The overweight problem is big issue in the United States and worldwide with the average American weighing 3-5 kilograms more than they did ten years ago. Obesity is an excess of body fat that leads to ill health. The study was based on a sample representative of United States where 22.9 percent men and 23.3 women were obese, and 44.1percent of men and 34 percent of women were overweightRead MoreHealth Problem Of Diabetes And Obesity1182 Words   |  5 PagesPublic Health Problem Diabetes is a deficiency in the body’s ability to metabolize sugar. Insulin is the hormone which typically regulates this process. There are two types of diabetes. The first is type 1. This is caused due to a failure in the insulin producing cells of the pancreas and is diagnosed when a person is young. Type 2 diabetes is the more common diabetes. It can be diagnosed at any time and occurs when blood glucose levels begin to rise higher than normal. This is also called hyperglycemiaRead MoreThe Effects Of Slight Obesity On Diabetes919 Words   |  4 PagesThe results from the examination reveal slight obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, liver disease, kidney disease, and cholesterol. The problem of slight obesity can be managed with a weight loss program. Marianna has a BMI of 32 based on weight of 90kg with a height of 5†6. To this end, It is necessary to use a nutritionist, support programs, and set weight goals. She needs to have a follow up program to monitor her health care status with the weight loss. For her blood pressureRead MoreObesity : The Prevalence Of Diabetes1877 Words   |  8 PagesThe prevalence of diabetes in America continues to grow. Information gathered from The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) acknowledge that in the United States, one out of every eleven people has been diagnosed with diabetes and that one out of every four people are diabetic but not aware of it. Research has also shown that the medical costs and lost wages for those who have been diagnosed with diabetes is greater than two hundred billion dollars and that the mortality rate for diabetics

The Women in The Odyssey Essay - 975 Words

When reading the epic poem The Odyssey by Homer, modern readers are confronted by a world quite different to their own. The society of the Homeric Greeks was a strong one, with well-defined roles for all members of it. The differences that existed between men and women are quite extreme when first observed at face value: the men went off to war to face the world; the women stayed at home to remain cloistered and protected. While Men and Womens lives take very different paths through the story, there is purpose for the role of each life, therefore making each life powerful. However, no matter how powerful any figure may be, there is a common bond that connects them all, something that they are all affected by, regardless of gender:†¦show more content†¦Her character helps create the connection that lasts throughout the story. After the Trojan War is over and Odysseus begins his journey home, the next woman that he comes in contact with is the goddess Circe. A formidable opponent to the hero, she tries to make Odysseus succumb to her magic, but fails: he is the one man who resists successfully. Again, we as readers must accept that Odysseus is superior among all humans and can challenge an immortal. Circe, like many of the other women of this story, is used as a stepping stone for Odysseus to complete his journey, but at the same time she is not portrayed as a weakling. She has had power over humans for ages before this and will continue to have it; Odysseus, however, will forever be the exception. Calypso, the next goddess Odysseus meets, is another strong challenge for the hero. She, like Circe, is a very powerful woman, but she wants something different from Odysseus: she recognizes his power, considers him to be worthy of her and wants him to be her husband. In book five she makes a strong declaration to Hermes: Hard-hearted you are, you gods! You unrivaled lords of jealousy - scandalized when goddesses sleep with mortals, openly, even when one has made the man her husband... And I welcomed him warmly, cherished him, even vowed to make the man immortal, ageless, all his days... Calypso truly does love him and wants to make him happy, but presents anotherShow MoreRelatedWomen in the Odyssey1646 Words   |  7 PagesWomen form an important part of each society, however their role and importance to its function are often times overlooked. Society is/was organized and directed by men. All of the most important positions and purposes within it`s routine were filled by males. This societal organization is often times reflected in many pieces of literature of various time periods, however there are texts in which contrary to the patriarchal society models, women are given substantial importance within the plot. Homer`sRead MoreThe Odyssey : The Role Of Women In Homers Odyssey966 Words   |  4 Pagesinteractions. The Odyssey portrays what is right or wrong in relationships between god and mortal, father and son, and man and woman. In the epic poem, the role of women is a vital demonstration of Ancient Greece. The women in the epic are unique in their personalit y, motives, and relationships towards men. In Homers, The Odyssey, all women are different, but all of them help to represent the role of the ideal woman. Homers epic describes the world of women in Ancient Greece, a time where women were seenRead MoreThe Odyssey And Trojan Women1684 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween them Greek poet Homer and tragedian playwright Euripides explore many of the same themes in their works the Odyssey and Trojan Women (written by each respectively). Both works are inspired by the events of 12th Century BCE Trojan War that Homer previously explored in the Iliad. The two examine the worth of cunning over brute strength, the dangers of temptation and the role of women in their respective time periods. Despite having extremely similar central ideas, the techniques employed by eachRead MoreThe Force of Women in The Odyssey632 Words   |  3 PagesThe Force of Women in The Odyssey To the average person, The Odyssey is a Greek tale about a man, Odysseus, just trying to find his way home. However, it is much more than an entertaining tale of a man, gods, and monsters. It serves as a cultural exemplar of different kinds of people, roles, and relationships of ancient Greece, including the role of women. In The Odyssey, women are often portrayed as suasive and strong people, prime examples being Athena, Arete, and Penelope. Athena, the goddessRead MoreEssay on Women in The Odyssey702 Words   |  3 PagesWomen in The Odyssey In The Odyssey the main character, Odysseus, meets and entertains an impressive array of women. All of the women that he meets are very different and have different personalities and Homer clearly states his attitude towards each of the women. Some of the women are seen as essentially good or essentially bad. It is also clear that Homer adopts a sexist attitude towards the women in his novel. In The Odyssey women are generally portrayed as manipulative and deceitfulRead More Women of the Odyssey Essays1488 Words   |  6 Pages The Women of the Odyssey   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people regard Homer’s epics as war stories—stories about men; those people often overlook the important roles that women play in the Odyssey. While there are not many female characters in the Odyssey, the few that there are, play pivotal roles in the story and one can gain a lot of insight by analyzing how those women are portrayed. Homer portrays the females in contradictory ways: the characters of Athena and Eurykleia are given strong, admirable roles whileRead MoreWomen Of The Odyssey And Lysistrata Essay1328 Words   |  6 Pagesthe beginning of time, women have always been looked down upon mentally. During the time period of The Odyssey and Lysistrata, women were known as less powerful gender. They have never had much say about what goes on around them. Some women were recognized as a sex symbol. In The Odyssey, some women were goddesses that just wanted sex and other women had to stay at home to help raise their kids and do all of the fem inine work. Compared to The Odyssey, in Lysistrata, women denied sex against theirRead MoreRole of Women in the Odyssey1201 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of Women in The Odyssey The Odyssey, by Homer, is an epic poem based on the story of an ancient Greek hero, Odysseus, and his twenty year journey—ten years spent fighting in the Trojan War and the other ten spent traveling home. In the poem, Homer presents the theme of the role and nature of women. Men were the dominant gender in ancient Greece, and women, who were inferior, were only valued for their beauty and their ability to reproduce. However, in this poem, Homer both exemplifiesRead MoreWomen in the Illiad and the Odyssey1331 Words   |  6 PagesENG 2423 8A March 21, 2013 Roles of Women in The Iliad and The Odyssey Homer wrote two epic poems, The Iliad and The Odyssey. The Iliad is a tragedy that tells about the battles of the Trojan War. The Odyssey is somewhat of a sequel, the story of Odysseus s travels home after the Trojan War. An article found in â€Å"The American Scholar† states, â€Å" One might begin by asking what both epics, The Iliad and The Odyssey, would be like if there were no women in them. The Trojan war would not haveRead MoreEssay on Women In The Odyssey803 Words   |  4 Pagesera when the Odyssey was written was directed by men. Woman characters were valued but the only participated in affairs when they had the permission of men. The men, for the most part, directed the womens lives. The themes used in literature were on the subjects that men would be interested in; combat; warriors, and rulers. Domestic affairs, for the most part, were not noted. There is a immense contrast between the Odyssey and other epic poetry of the period. There are several women cha racters in

Operations and Process Management †Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss that the managers of the company, can always learn something from the operations and process management. Answer: Thesis statement The statement discusses that the managers of the company, can always learn something from the operations and process management. The subject discusses about the operation in the management beyond industry and processes. Cisco Systems, Inc. is the largest networking company in the world (Slack, 2012). This American multinational corporation technology company specialises in designing, manufacturing and selling network equipments all over the world. Being the Project Manager of the service department in Cisco Systems, it is important to study operations and process management irrespective which department you work for. Operations management mostly consists of planning, organising as well as supervising in the context of manufacturing and production or the terms of services. It mainly focuses on delivery so that the organisation runs properly and the output it creates is optimised. The inputs are technology, equipment, human resources and materials (Slack, 2012). Compared to some, it is easier to understand the operations functions of few organisations like the automobile industries (Slack, 2012).Any organisation that produces any sort of services or products has operations. They also require gaining profit from producing such services and products. Cisco Systems aims at the same from its operation activities. Operations management is necessary for large and small organisations. This is because no matter what their size is, they produce services and products and deliver them efficiently to the customers. Large organisations have higher amount of resources, which the smaller organisations lack, and this means higher degree of manipulation required to meet the requirements. The smaller organisations on the other side can easily adapt to the changing needs of the customers and environmental situations as they have informal structures. Decision-making becomes comparatively difficult as smaller number of people have Operations management is necess ary in non-profit organisations like hospitals, government departments, welfare charities, many more (Krajewski et al., 2013). Like the commercial organisations, the non-profit organisations need to make similar decisions regarding performance measures, investment in technologies, many more. It is more complex because it involves the environmental, political, social and economical angles. Operations management deals with various duties. One of the key functions of operations management is designing. It includes product development, how and when the product be sold in the market. It is also related to the expectations of the customers in the present market and the ultimate product design. Using information systems to monitor these factors are also very important. Planning is another function, it can be explained as how the management plans to utilise the available resources to deal with the present situations. It helps the organisations to adapt to the various environmental situations, like the change in demand. As the term already mentions management, operations management consists of managing to achieve successful operations. They do it through encouraging the employees which has positive effects of performance and is generated through culture, training and leadership. Coordination is very important and it deals with the method of interrelating with the various parts of the work together. It is the coordinating present between the various responsibilities and roles of the staff and the operational team. They make the organisations able to compete because they have the ability to respond to the customer by changing their capabilities. This keeps them ahead of competitors. According to Brandon et al., (2012), five basic factors can be evaluated to understand how the firm or the organisation is performing. First, cost of production should be low. Second, there should be no compromise with the quality. Third, the organisation must have speedy response to the changes that occur in the environment. Fourth, the organisation should have characters of dependability so that the customers can depend on them for delivery of services and products. Lastly, the organisation should be flexible enough to adapt to the changes. All the factors are necessary to function properly in the operations, The function also requires a good process design. Some of the factors that influence design are fit for the purpose, choice of materials needed, finishing of the products or services, durability, maintenance, efficiency and consumer demands and following latest fashion trends. The first factor is fit for the purpose that deals with the products and services which will be meeting the particular demands of the customers without failure. The second factor is choice of materials needed, which describes that the design should clarify to the use of the product and the cost along with the quantity that needs to be produced. The third factor is finishing, which is related closely with the kinds of materials used in production. The fourth factor describes the durability, which depends on the market cost of the product, the specific use and the planned obsolescence of the product in due time. The fifth factor is maintenance. Maintenance needs of any products or services should not be over looked. It must be easy for the consumers. The last factor is efficiency that is directly related to the quality of the product. With higher quality, the product will be highly efficient. Consumer demands and following latest fashion trends: The products and services should be appropriate for the latest trends and customer demands. Cisco Services uses the operations management and helps to cut down the operational expenses of Cisco IT. They also helped in accelerating technology adoption and improving network performances. In addition, Cisco IT has lowered the total cost of ownership. In the last five years, the company has faced such problems, which has stumbled in the major growth of the company. As a result, the operation cost has also become high. The challenges were deploying an IT budget and investments of the company. The company also faced problems in the strategic plans, lower TCO, improve operational efficiency and create support for increasing business demands. The solution consisted of a proactive approach for operations in IT. Cisco service provides the necessary guidance on optimisation, design, operations and operations and Cisco Network Optimisation service (NOS). Application of the above-mentioned approach and services resulted in a faster and cost effective way of resolving the support issues in Cisco IT. The delivery time was reduced to an hour. They achieved six-fold degrees in hours spent in support issues (quarterly). A major 30% reduction was achieved in the presence of critical issues of Cisco network (Senz and Revilla, 2013). Operations management requires proper skills and knowledge with respect to when and which techniques to apply in order reach the desired results. It is clear from the thesis that operations management deals with all the processes, which are necessary for carrying out the essential operations of any company or business. The main two processes of any organisation are selling services and products. Thus, it includes functions of the operations to optimise situations and resources for production of quality services and products. It requires constant analysis and look out for new opportunities for betterment of the company. A strong overlapping is often expected between the areas of engineering, supply chain management and logistics. It can be safely said that there are various industries where the effective managerial skills of the operations managers are responsible for the companys successes. References: Brandon-Jones, A., Piercy, N. and Slack, N. (2012). Bringing teaching to life: Exploring innovative approaches to operations management education. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 32(12), pp.1369-1374. Brown, S., Bessant, J.R. and Lamming, R. (2013). Strategic operations management. Routledge. Chase, J. (2012). Operations management. Tata McGraw-Hill. Khanna, R.B. (2015). Production and operations management. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Krajewski, L.J., Ritzman, L.P. and Malhotra, M.K. (2013). Operations management: processes and supply chains. New York: Pearson. Mishan, E.J. (2015). Elements of Cost-Benefit Analysis (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Senz, M.J. and Revilla, E. (2013). Cisco Systems, Inc.: Supply chain risk management. The Supply Chain Management Casebook: Comprehensive Coverage and Best Practices in SCM, 80. Slack, N. (2012). Operations and process management. Harlow: Pearson.

Information Technology Ethics Professionals - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theInformation Technology Ethicsfor IT Security Professionals. Answer: The Technological Issues that have been Disclosed in the Movie the Italian Job The movie is about a planned robbery that is to be undertaken by a number of actors one of them being Jason Statham who is the professional driver in this movie. The master planners of the big robbery are Donald and Stella Bridger the daughter. The venue of the incident is Vernice and the use of technical expert is involved in order to blow walls by Def an explosion expert in this category with the assistance of Lyle. Ethical issues pertaining use of technology systems for IT security professionals (1). The main actor or the spearheaded of the robbery is killed by one of the compatriots who have selfish motives known as Steve jealous to occupy the gold for him. The use of tracking system is incorporated by hiring an outside party known as Stella who finds where Steve is hiding. Steve kills the potential buyer of the gold who asks a lot of questions about the whereabouts of the gold the money launderer was to but at $35 million dollar. The information technology expert is authorized to read the current documents being used as at that time by the users of the computers (2). The revenge is to be undertaken by Krutong the cousin of Ukrainian Mafia who is ready for anything. Stella has plan to enter Steves premises as a cable woman where she has the intention of loading the gold in three private coopers that have been modified by Wrench Robs friend. Steve is lured by the beauty of Stella and she agrees to take her out where the controversy begins found Charlie another party in the deal believed to be dead. The use of Seth Green Lyless expertise is incorporated to control the traffic lights by Charlie in the intent of hacking into the track with the gold (5). The gold is stolen with the help of three modified coopers. Steve shares the gold with Charlie and the remaining is divided among the members on their way to fulfill their wishes. The use of technology is deemed to facilitate easier communication between the parties in order to plan the deal. The incorporation of the expert ology raises a lot of controversy between the involved parties this emancipation of the scientific contradiction and dishonesty among the robbers. The use of tracking systems where the user is intended to use the location of the site of the gold, the point of interest is the site where the gold is hidden. The individual navigation is incorporated by Stella by use of the network and internet connectivity. The core aspect that enhances tracking to take place is use of the GPS applications that have got a certain criteria for global coverage. The buildings in the region are easily navigated by use of the applications that have got powerful systems and software capable of decoding and transfer of information from one location to another. The radio frequency identification is utilized in the movie to determine the hide point of the thieve Steve who has got the possession of stolen gold. This technology encompasses the electromagnetic waves that facilitate receiving of the signal from the targeting person to the saving location where the activity is being conducted or on the reader that can be easily observed through a software that enhances easier monitoring. The other style of tracking that is usable in the movie and must have been put into use while locating Steve. The real time locating systems which are enabled by the systems of Wireless for the confined areas thus the target must have been hiding (4). The requirement that is supposed to be fulfilled is the system level deployments and the server functionality to be effective with high operating systems. Wrench Robs friend uses the modified coopers to steal gold from the safe by the use of the radiation aspect of technology and magnetizes ends zones to determine the attractive material and nonmagnetic. The technology involves the use of computer software to scan all the materials that are thought of being gold and thus enhancing easier identification. The issues that is being discusses is the counterfeit where the same but not original packet of the gold can be modified and given to the buyer of the gold. The traffic systems are hacked into by using the Seth Green Lyles expertise; this involves diversion of the lights to show different colors to allow interfering with the traffic order of the day. The use of server by the host computer in a location is undertaken in the movie by Charlie. Charlie possess the knowledge of computer scientist and digital analysis helps him to decode the information that only the transport authority are capable of understanding in Italy. The MacBook computer with a processor above 3.22 Hz speed is used to hack into the traffic lights and confuse the rest of the individuals in the transport convoy trying to locate the gold. The use of the database of the high operating system and heavier servers assists in ensuring that the gold is removed from the holder initially deemed to be Stella. The technology issue is that the hacking is illegal since it has been seen to cause a traffic jam at the time of convening the crime intended. The cybercrimes are undertaken by professional hackers who possess the expertise of entering into the security systems of the government or pros of interfering with the private information by use of codes and codecs to transcript the data. The information is sent over a highly secured network that only the host computer from the site can be able to interpret and reverse the action. The issue of incriminating and network accessibility is used to determine the location of the gold by the third party Charlie. The person with the intention of possessing the gold is seen to incorporate higher level machinery to access and possess the entire package by going to an extent of hiring experts such as the information technology and the engineers who are abused to use the skills that have been acquired legally. The use of the computer skills and the cloud computing is violated where the user is hacking the transport to alter the flow and stop the car possessing the riches. The spy who is Jason also has a machinery of relating with the parties by use of the mobile phones and gadgets that assist in communication. The vehicles are modified in order to maneuver the regions where difficulty may arise in case of attack. The bullet proves technology is incorporated in the rear wheels and screens to prevent the attack of the inner tubes of the vehicle. The car that Jason is driving is using a tracking system of GPS that helps in navigation. The direction of the safe house to Steve is determined by the car GPS location point that is highly computerized and programmed in such a way that the maps of the region are inbuilt with the use of internet to locate the Google maps and other content. The privacy of information is compromised (3). Donald is killed who has the detrimental information and the master planner, elimination of the subject in the movie makes the mission to be impossible because of the selfish interests of one of the robbers and the member or the beneficiary to the gold possessions. There is misunderstanding of the scope and this leads to the death of Donald the chief of the robbery who has got the knowledge of the technology to be used such as that in the tracking systems. The counter is experienced as result of the issue of technological expertise lacking in the team by killing of Donald. References 1) D. Shinder, Ethical Issues for IT security professionals, Herman: Parker, 2015. https://www.computerworld.com/article/2557944/security0/ethical-issues-for-it-securityprofessionals. (2)M. Vincent, et al. The information technology expert is authorized to read the current documents being used as at that time by the users of the computers, B. M. New York: Institution of computer pros, 2015, pp.289-315. (3)W. Felix. The privacy of information is compromised: Lowman, Pigeon, 2014. (4)T. Norman. Real time locating systems which are enabled by the systems of Wireless for the confined areas thus the target must have been hiding: Gotham, Parker. (5)W. Martin. The use of Seth Green Lyless expertise is incorporated to control the traffic lights by Charlie in the intent of hacking into the track with the gold. Jape, Reedman.

Olga Zheleznyakova Essay Example For Students

Olga Zheleznyakova Essay The show that I went to on November 17 was 42nd Street which is located at Ford Center for Performing Arts. The show opens with the curtain rising just high enough to reveal the lower limbs of a line of hard-driving tap dancers, their precise steps pounding out a beat that matches the rat-a-tat-tat of our hearts as we thrill to this audacious beginning. Then the curtain rises all the way up andwell, if were not transported back to 1933, we are at least on the real 42nd Street, where the Ford Center is prominently located. As the urtain rises on current touring production of 42nd Street, it seems to get stuck. It halts about a tenth of the way up, and all we see is a stage full of legs and feet, furiously tapping away. We can see the audition for the upcoming show Pretty Lady. Then we see how Peggy Sawyer arrives for her audition an hour late, yet still manages to get a job due to her undeniable talent. The rehearsals start off with difficulties, and the cast isnt prepared when Dorothy Brock, the lead actress, breaks her ankle. It seems like the show will not go on, unless they find a starlet with natural talent. And, of course, Peggy Sawyer is exactly who they need. All the character in this musical did unbelievable job in making this show more colorful and sparkling. Julian Marsh (played by Patrick Cassidy) is the director of a soon to be Broadway hit- he just has to bring there. His character in the only one in the show that displays layers and authenticity. I even think that without marsh the show would be devoid of real conflict or consequences. I even felt for a moment that Marsh breathed life and significance into a show. Marshas character is coupled with Nadine Isenegger in the role of Peggy. She is like a quintessential feel-good musical heroine-an unadulterated young girl with talent radiating from every inch. She shows up on Broadway to make her dreams come true. And by the end of the second act she does. In this show I think she represented vital part of making the show fly. She had a very tough role to make herself unbelievably loveable and to help the production to flow well, and thats what she did. But also the show wouldnt be as good without Maggie Jones and Bert Berry. They made this show humorous and very relaxing. Also, Blair Ross always draws laughs with her obnoxious tantrums as the past-her-prime actress, Dorothy Brock. During the show I was amazed how a proscenium was filled from side-to- side with tap shoes in perfect synchronization, sparkling smiles on every faces. I thought that the dance of the show was one of its greatest successes. From the moment the curtain lifts a mere two feet to reveal the ensemble tapping away at an audition, and immediately realized that this show will be a delightful trip back to the days when tap was the craze of the stage. Even despite physically demanding dance numbers, the casts drive to entertain the audience prevails. Also 42nd Street has the charm of classic musical comedy. The melodies are lovely and fun-loving. What also makes the music great are the gentle harmonies that pop up in surprising places. And it amazing how by adding the harmonies in places that you might expect the melody to simply carry through the song, it adds appeal to the music. Music made me feel like I was a part of the show. But there nothing can be that spectacular without lighting. .uf85e470b2295502bd5be04dddd69f0ae , .uf85e470b2295502bd5be04dddd69f0ae .postImageUrl , .uf85e470b2295502bd5be04dddd69f0ae .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf85e470b2295502bd5be04dddd69f0ae , .uf85e470b2295502bd5be04dddd69f0ae:hover , .uf85e470b2295502bd5be04dddd69f0ae:visited , .uf85e470b2295502bd5be04dddd69f0ae:active { border:0!important; } .uf85e470b2295502bd5be04dddd69f0ae .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf85e470b2295502bd5be04dddd69f0ae { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf85e470b2295502bd5be04dddd69f0ae:active , .uf85e470b2295502bd5be04dddd69f0ae:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf85e470b2295502bd5be04dddd69f0ae .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf85e470b2295502bd5be04dddd69f0ae .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf85e470b2295502bd5be04dddd69f0ae .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf85e470b2295502bd5be04dddd69f0ae .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf85e470b2295502bd5be04dddd69f0ae:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf85e470b2295502bd5be04dddd69f0ae .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf85e470b2295502bd5be04dddd69f0ae .uf85e470b2295502bd5be04dddd69f0ae-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf85e470b2295502bd5be04dddd69f0ae:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Are Americans Allergic to Traveling Abroad? EssayIt is the tandout piece of technological work for the show. It is great how directors designed footlights into the front of their stage and use them to stress certain moments of the show. Footlights are rarely used in current designs, but having them for the show is very appropriate and effective. It helped me to visualize the show more carefully and colorful. 42nd Street is the most realistic of the Depression era Busby Berkeley musicals. Berkeley made amazing musicals that defied gravity, time and space. However, the storyline behind this 1933 classic is based in ough reality. We see a driven, slightly mad musical comedy director bring to life a peppy stage revue. We see the drive, paranoia, disregard for self- being that drives all directors. We see the exhaustion, hell-on-earth the dancers have to go through in rehearsals. The glamour is hardly there! Set against the Depression, theres added bite in knowing that everyone on the payroll is working to survive; with these themes bonded together 42nd Street becomes more like a family album of outrageous relatives than an act of fiction. Thats an unbelievable feeling and experience to see the exact period of time (Depression) and what really was going during it and to learn it in school almost at the same time. This show got everything that I always wanted to see and could ever ask for- human drama, sets both technically and astonishing and pleasing to the eye, explosive musical numbers. The only thing that I saw during the show was a professionalism. And I am so grateful that students have such an opportunity to go and see it. I always wanted to see 42nd Street and my dream came true.

Market segmentation

Market segmentation is the procedure of engaging products, prices, places and promotions. The process involves identifying and targeting different markets as the basis for identifying with particular marketing mixes. Proper market segmentation has to engage people, practices and different corporal substantiations.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Market segmentation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The procedure for market segmentation involves identifying the potential customers and their needs, possible market segments and later development of profiles for identified market segments. After the identification, the second stage involves selection of a target segment before engaging an attraction towards the particular market segment. It is equally important for a marketer to engage proper positioning by identifying the advantages of the chosen market segments. This may involve selection of a positioning concept b efore engaging the marketing plan for each identified segment. Market segmentation involves division of large markets into consumer-focused subsets for the clients who have common needs or applications for services or goods on offer. Clientele subgroups are identifiable through various demographics in connection with the purpose of the market segment identification or goal of the marketer. Customers’ segmentation determines deigns and implementation procedures of the marketing campaigns. In relation to McDonald and Dunbar (2007, p. 213) writing, marketers engage in the market segmentation in the aim of understanding the importance of finding a sufficient customer-base to cater for the needs. Categorizing various customers on a given criteria helps firms to establish a better application for the products or services. The gathered ideas of a criterion can thus be of help in identification of a larger audience within the demographics, and thus increase the profit margins due to amplification of market shares in the submarkets. There are various characteristics of a targeted consumer base. The attributes are identifiable for a given market segment such as gender, age, location, income level or education level. The market segmentation process allows for a phenomenon where a consumer may fall upon various categories. Segmentation of the market allows the company to understand the ways of enhancing customer loyalty especially among potential long-term clients. The marketers allow the customers to make suggestions concerning the practical means of improving product or service. The changes may be minor with little or no effect to the value of the core product, but they are vital in maintaining a strong and loyal customer base. The changes also ensure that the company is of goodwill because of the readiness to listen to its clients’ needs. Market segregation is generally for strengthening the bond between the vendors and the consumers.Advertising Look ing for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The concept of market segmentation is important because the buyers and sellers form non-homogenous groups for the reason that there are differences on needs, preferences, characters and resources. Considering the Dell Inc case study, the marketing and distribution department realizes that it not possible to cater for each of its customer’s characteristics. Marketers are however able to accomplish some standardized measures of segmentation by grouping customers to various categories of common characteristics. The common characteristics are the basis for standardized marketing merges into segments. The decisive factors for market segmentation involve either the consumer or the business marketers. The segmentation requirements for Dell Inc would entail the geographical segmentation. As an international and well-known company, Dell Inc would involve the regio nal variables in its segmentation such as the concentration of the customers, the measures of international industrial growth rates and, other microeconomic factors such as business expansion plans. A good example of the geographical segmentation is decision to concentrate on sale of specific products to particular countries. Secondly, the company can segment markets according to the type of customers. Some of the clients are possibly big international organizations, companies, governments, or private firms. The organization’s dimensions, position in a market niche and the capacity of its value chains are the main determinants of concentration. Thirdly, there is need for Dell Inc to consider the behavioural segmentation based on the consumer performances and behaviours such as the customization, usage, patterns, prices, benefits, competition, consumer and brand loyalty. The demographic segmentation touches on the age, ethnic setting, gender, income levels, status, or occupati on, which can equally be of assistance. Lastly, the company ought to consider the psychographic segmentation to determine clients’ bases depending on the attitudes, lifestyles and values. Integrating the marketing communication strategies Communication is a key strategy of an organization’s success. A company may be having the best and most innovative services or products, but without strong internal and external communication, then the demand may be weak. Communication of products requires the marketers to focus on the value. The quality is of much benefit to the client than quantity. Enhancement of dialogue requires invitation of client’s thoughts to enhance a rapport in promotion of coordinated efforts. Client participation ensures timely delivery of proper information or right contents.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Market segmentation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Doo le and Lowe (2008, p. 232), the proper marketing communications tools, which promote companies products and services to its customers and the intermediaries include, the ability to ensure proper direction, precision, uniformity, appearance and timings for the targeted audiences. Marketers have to guarantee the values of proper communication to avoid confusion about branding and products recognition. The marketing mix enables them to examine prices of products, the distribution procedures, adverting, promotion mechanisms and customer service certification. â€Å"By integrating marketing communications strategies, it is important for the marketers to define as well as conduct some research concerning†¦ the targeted audience, objectives, budgets, competition, social effects, and cultural or other technological issues† (Doole and Lowe, 2008, p. 232) . The final process of the strategy involves evaluation of the decided promotion strategies. Marketers can automatically acquir e the customer trust and loyalty by enhancing ethical plans, right communication procedures and following the right communication guidelines such as the marketing communication tools. Marketing communications tools Advertising This tool requires the right medium to get the accurate messages efficiently to the right audience. The effective avenues of transmission depend on the market segments, the chosen niche, and the dynamics. Considering the Dell Inc company that faces the challenges of international segmentation and maintaining the well-established customers’ loyalty, the advertising tools can be the product magazines, newspapers/ newsmagazines, internet, billboards and, mobile television such as the telephony advancements. The advertisement tools have to reach a wide clientele base regardless of the expenses. Public Relations This is a marketing communications tool involving the public perception of the products or services on offer. For a marketer to be in a position of enhancing excellent public appearance for an organization there is need to engage sponsorship vents in the aim of building good customer trust and goodwill. The product or service has to give a positive perspective. Sales Promotion Mostly, the sales promotion is a marketing strategy that involves the media, for instance, advertising contests, sales of coupons through the media, provision of prototypes/sample products, sales of premiums, displays, demonstrations and engaging incentives. Promotion of sales accelerates the short-term sales by enhancing brand awareness campaigns, and creating or encouraging a repetitive buying procedure.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Direct marketing Direct involvement is a strong marketing strategic tool that involves responses to specific individual emails, telephone calls, inquiry catalogues or mails of customers. The marketers have to respond directly to inquiries made through the media such as television or radio. The responses cater for targeted audience to increase sales and introduce new products as a different option for marketing approaches. Personal Selling This marketing tool involves direct interaction where the marketing team must set sales appointments to selected clientele. It involves making direct presentations such as one-on-one communication to attract a strong clientele base and strengthen their relationships or loyalty to the firm. Before selection of a particular marketing tool, the marketing managers and representatives must analyze the â€Å"social, competitive, legal, regulatory, ethics, cultural and technological† effects to avoid inappropriateness, controversies and illegal enc ounters (Shimp, 2008, p. 8). Analysis of Dell’s decision to enter into relationship with distributing retailers Since its initiation, the marketing strategy of Dell Inc involved a direct client-server interaction. Its engagement of a retailers’ involvement such as, Wal-Mart is a significant change of marketing strategy. Some well established retailer stores like the Wal-Mart are internationally preferences to most customers and therefore an advantage to Dell in its global retailing strategy. The shift from strict direct selling to incorporate indirect selling by external retailers is definitely a simpler choice for the marketing team, but equally a difficult cultural move in its marketing strategies. The move is currently still on its underway and it may be difficult to determine. Is it a strategic move to avoid disastrous snarl-ups considering the competition or are the challenges bonds to increase? Losing its leadership mantle to the rival group Hewlett Packard (HP), Dell may be making the move due to pressure. On the other hand, the establishment in the market may be an indication that the need to emphasize on direct sales is not necessary the attraction to its products among most clients. Selling through the well-established retailer stores is an excellent move for the Dell Company because of the benefits of exposure especially in different market niches. The company also considers the safety of its products by starting mainly with the low-end products. The progressive changeover on the marketing strategies enhances performance and ensures provisions of extended commitment in cases of needs. It is usually safe to change from one strategy to another slowly while keenly monitoring the effects as opposed to the direct changeover. Involving the retailers is a great strategy of testing how well the company would work with the retailer stores especially on the up-coming products. How well would the company be able to handle the sales of its product s by third parties especially stores that the company can barely be in a position to control? The experience is worthwhile for Dell Inc future marketing decisions. The move will automatically affect Dells procedures of engaging customers such as the advertisement strategies and, the supply chain management. The move ensures that Dell Inc is able to develop a record of accomplishment from involvement with the retailers. The record of performance such as, the rate at which the products sell would enable the marketers to decide on the possibility of engaging the more vibrant retailers. The records provide Dell’s ability to retail from various sublets in the diverse retail channels. According to Cranfield School of Management (2000, p.5), the ability to form relationship with retailers is also a greater chance for other interested parties to channel their interests and form new links since this assists the retailers on their establishments. The well-established retail markets hav e the advantage of moving their products very fast and this can turn to be a huge benefit to the Dell Company. The question many marketers would arguably pose is, how well can computer products sell like the other products in the stores? Selling a computer is similar to selling any other product, but the clients want to know how to deal with the product such as the procedure for setting it up. How many retailers have the workmanship to withstand the long hours of user explanations and education? The arguments may fall upon the earnings of the marketer. The pay scale of Wal-Mart sellers may be quite different from that of Dell, thus Dell’s move to engage outside retailers may seem like a huge bargain over sales. Conclusion The main marketing strategy is the need to enhance proper customer relationship. Dell Inc has all along emphasized on the need to focus attention on the clients’ needs and demands. Companies need to find various methods of getting closer to the client for success thus the reason why dell is focusing on diversification into the retail markets. The Dell Company detached the partnership functions to emphasize on the need for it responsibility of customer relationship. From the case analysis, it is evident that Dell categorizes its business transactions in various customer segments for instance the recent retail stores relationship, which involves the public and private sectors. It also includes the direct customer relationship and lastly the home or public medium or small business sectors. Such a company need to approach various segments carefully and differently in the aim of customizing to fit specific needs. Arguably, the most viable communication tools for Dell’s marketing strategy would include the internet and call centres considering the diversification of the products and market competitiveness. References Cranfield School of Management (2000). Marketing Management: a Relationship  Marketing Perspective, Macmillan Business, Basingstoke Doole, I., Lowe, R. (2008). International marketing strategy: analysis, development  and implementation. Kentucky, KY: Cengage Learning EMEA McDonald, M., Dunbar, I. (2007). Market segmentation: how to do it, how to profit  from it. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann Shimp, T. A. (2008). Advertising Promotion and Other Aspects of Integrated Marketing  Communications. Kentucky, KY: Cengage Learning This report on Market segmentation was written and submitted by user Aydin Flores to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Patient essays

A Patient essays A patient, lethally ill or in very bad pain, does not have the right to commit suicide or die by help of a physician. This, of course, is my opinion and I believe that you should always try to keep them alive as long as possible. If you are suffering and are lethally ill, then that is the way that God has it planned out for you. I dont think that anyone has the right to take his or her own life or take the life of someone else. In this country, taking the life of someone else is a major felony and could result in the death penalty. On the other hand, committing suicide or attempting to commit suicide isnt a crime by any means. In an unusual way, this could contradict itself. Can you really put ownership on life? Do we control our own destiny? Why is it that attempting to commit suicide is completely fine but someone depriving someone else of life will most likely result in the rest of his or her life in a cell? We are losing a life either way so what difference does it make? Ask yourself this is it really our life to take in the first place? Do we own it? Everyone has heard about the mass suicide cults that used to thrive in the 70s and 80s. Was the leader of the cult a criminal? If so, why? He didnt kill any of them; they ended their own lives. He may have mislead them and lied to There is only one state in the entire United States where it is legal for a physician to give a patient lethal medicine if they have a deadly disease and are in severe pain. That state is Oregon. This is only done under very tight conditions. This issue is not specifically mentioned in the laws of Utah, North Carolina, and Wyoming. Conversely, it is a criminal act in every other state. Physician assisted suicide or PAS is a big issue in the medicine world these days. ...

Art Careers essays

Art Careers essays Designers- people with a desire to create. They combine practical knowledge with artistic ability to turn abstract ideas into formal designs for the clothes that we wear, the living and office space that we inhabit, and the merchandise that we buy. Designers usually specialize in a particular area of design, such as automobiles, clothing, furniture, home appliances, industrial equipment, interiors of homes or office buildings, movie and theater sets, packaging, or floral arrangements. Visual artists- create art to communicate ideas, thoughts, or feelings. They use a variety of methods-painting, sculpting, or illustration-and an assortment of materials, including oils, watercolors, acrylics, pastels, pencils, pen and ink, plaster, clay, and computers. Visual artists works may be realistic, stylized, or abstract and may depict objects, people, nature, or events. Fine artists- create art to satisfy their own need for self-expression. Illustrators and graphic designers- put their artistic skills at the service of commercial clients, such as major corporations; retail stores; and advertising, design, and publishing firms. Sculptors- design three-dimensional art works-either by molding and joining materials such as clay, glass, wire, plastic, fabric, or metal or by cutting and carving forms from a block of plaster, wood, or stone. Some sculptors combine various materials to create mixed-media works. In recent years, some sculptors have incorporated light, sound, and motion into their works. Printmakers- create printed images from designs cut or etched into wood, stone, or metal. After cutting the design, the artist inks the surface of the woodblock or stone and rolls or stamps it onto paper to make an impression. Some printmakers make prints by graphically encoding data and processing it, using a computer. The computer-enhanced images are printed using printers with specially loaded software or are transmitted electronic...

A Quiz About Parenthetical Punctuation

A Quiz About Parenthetical Punctuation A Quiz About Parenthetical Punctuation A Quiz About Parenthetical Punctuation By Mark Nichol Em dashes are woefully underused and misused. Here are five sentences that would be much improved by their proper use, or by proper use of other punctuation in cooperation with them. Determine how each sentence would benefit from changes in punctuation and compare your revisions with my suggested solutions at the bottom of the page: 1. â€Å"Not in years, like more than ten years, have I seen someone so committed to owning the stage.† 2. â€Å"Such pioneers trigger and indeed hope for gentrification leading to more and more middle-class home buyers being willing to take a chance on the neighborhood.† 3. â€Å"You, yes you, can say you were there for the advent of the Apple iPod.† 4. â€Å"It’ll take years to know if it works in humans but in mice the tumors almost completely disappeared.† 5. â€Å"Consumer-oriented businesses are trying to find the words, logo, image and, of course, products that will indelibly brand themselves as environmentally friendly.† Answers and Explanations 1. The phrase â€Å"like more than ten years† (with like, as an interjection, separated from the rest of the phrase with a comma), is more emphatic than one that would merely be parenthesized between commas: â€Å"Not in years like, more than ten years have I seen someone so committed to owning the stage.† 2. The clause beginning with leading does not merit being set off from the rest of the sentence with an em dash, but the phrase â€Å"and indeed hope for,† with the interjection indeed bracketed by commas, should be emphasized by being framed by a pair of em dashes: â€Å"Such pioneers trigger and, indeed, hope for gentrification, leading to more and more middle-class home buyers being willing to take a chance on the neighborhood.† 3. â€Å"Yes you,† with a necessary comma between the words, is such an interruptive element that bracketing by a pair of em dashes is necessary: â€Å"You- yes, you- can say you were there for the advent of the Apple iPod.† 4. Just as you’d do in the case of a pair of commas in a sentence that doesn’t sound quite right, diagnostically remove a parenthetical phrase framed by em dashes from an awkward sentence. In this case, â€Å"but in mice† is an essential dependent clause for the second half of the sentence, and the em dash following it is incorrect. The first em dash can be replaced by a comma, or the single dash can be retained: â€Å"It’ll take years to know if it works in humans but in mice, the tumors almost completely disappeared.† 5. Parentheticals are just that interjections, short or long, that are parenthetical to the main sentence, and any parts of speech within them are integral to the interjection alone. Therefore, without the parenthesis set off by em dashes, this sentence lacks a conjunction in the list of three elements preceding the first dash. Here’s the corrected version: â€Å"Consumer-oriented businesses are trying to find the words, logo, and image- and, of course, products- that will indelibly brand themselves as environmentally friendly.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†5 Brainstorming Strategies for WritersList of Prefixes and Suffixes and their Meanings

The Mayan Conquest of the Kiche

The Mayan Conquest of the K'iche In 1524, a band of ruthless Spanish conquistadores under the command of Pedro de Alvarado moved into present-day Guatemala. The Maya Empire had deteriorated some centuries before but survived as a number of small kingdoms, the strongest of which was the K’iche, whose home was in what is now central Guatemala. The K’iche rallied around leader Tecà ºn Umn and met Alvarado in battle, but were defeated, ending forever any hope of large-scale native resistance in the area. The Maya The Maya were a proud culture of warriors, scholars, priests, and farmers whose empire peaked around 300 A.D. to 900 A.D. At the height of the Empire, it stretched from southern Mexico into El Salvador and Honduras and the ruins of mighty cities like Tikal, Palenque and Copn are reminders of the heights they reached. Wars, disease, and famine decimated the Empire, but the region still was home to several independent kingdoms of varying strength and advancement. The greatest of the Kingdoms was the K’iche, at home in their capital of Utatln. The Spanish In 1521, Hernn Cortà ©s and barely 500 conquistadores had pulled off the stunning defeat of the mighty Aztec Empire by making good use of modern weapons and native Indian allies. During the campaign, young Pedro de Alvarado and his brothers rose in the ranks of Cortes’ army by showing themselves to be ruthless, courageous and ambitious. When Aztec records were deciphered, lists of vassal states paying tribute were discovered, and the K’iche were prominently mentioned. Alvarado was given the privilege of conquering them. In 1523, he set out with about 400 Spanish conquistadores and some 10,000 Indian allies. Prelude to War The Spanish had already sent their most fearsome ally ahead of them: disease. New World bodies had no immunity to European diseases like smallpox, plague, chicken pox, mumps and more. These diseases tore through native communities, decimating the population. Some historians believe that more than a third of the Mayan population was killed by disease in the years between 1521 and 1523. Alvarado also had other advantages: horses, guns, fighting dogs, metal armor, steel swords, and crossbows were all devastating unknowns to the hapless Maya. The Kaqchikel Cortà ©s had been successful in Mexico because of his ability to turn long-simmering hatreds between ethnic groups to his benefit, and Alvarado had been a very good student. Knowing that the K’iche was the mightiest kingdom, he first made a treaty with their traditional enemies, the Kaqchikel, another powerful highland kingdom. Foolishly, the Kaqchikels agreed to an alliance and sent thousands of warriors to reinforce Alvarado before his assault on Utatln. Tecà ºn Umn and the K’iche The K’iche had been warned against the Spanish by Aztec Emperor Moctezuma in the waning days of his rule and flatly rejected Spanish offers to surrender and pay tribute, although they were proud and independent and would most likely have fought in any event. They selected young Tecà ºn Umn as their war chief, and he sent out feelers to neighboring kingdoms, who refused to unite against the Spanish. All in all, he was able to round up about 10,000 warriors to fight the invaders. The Battle of El Pinal The K’iche fought bravely, but the Battle of El Pinal was a rout almost from the start. The Spanish armor defended them from most native weapons, the horses, muskets, and crossbows devastated the ranks of native warriors, and Alvarado’s tactics of chasing down native chieftains resulted in several leaders falling early. One was Tecà ºn Umn himself: according to tradition, he attacked Alvarado and decapitated his horse, not knowing that horse and man were two different creatures. As his horse fell, Alvarado impaled Tecà ºn Umn on his spear. According to the K’iche, Tecà ºn Umn’s spirit then grew eagle wings and flew away. Aftermath The K’iche surrendered but tried to trap the Spanish inside the walls of Utatln: the trick did not work on the clever and wary Alvarado. He laid siege to the city and before too long it surrendered. The Spanish sacked Utatln but were somewhat disappointed by the spoils, which did not rival the loot taken from the Aztecs in Mexico. Alvarado conscripted many K’iche warriors to help him battle the remaining kingdoms in the area. Once the mighty K’iche had fallen, there was really no hope for any of the remaining smaller kingdoms in Guatemala. Alvarado was able to defeat them all, either coercing them to surrender or by forcing his native allies to fight them. He eventually turned on his Kaqchikel allies, enslaving them even though the defeat of the K’iche would have been impossible without them. By 1532, most of the major kingdoms had fallen. The colonization of Guatemala could begin. Alvarado rewarded his conquistadores with land and villages. Alvarado himself set out on other adventures but frequently returned as Governor of the area until his death in 1541. Some Mayan ethnic groups survived for a while by taking to the hills and fiercely attacking anyone who came near: one such group was located in the region that currently corresponds to north-central Guatemala. Fray Bartolomà © de las Casas was able to convince the crown to allow him to pacify these natives peacefully with missionaries in 1537. The experiment was a success, but unfortunately, once the region had been pacified, conquistadores moved in and enslaved all of the natives. Over the years, the Maya have retained much of their traditional identity, especially in contrast to the areas that once belonged to the Aztecs and the Inca. Over the years, the heroism of the K’iche has become the lasting memory of a bloody time: in modern Guatemala, Tecà ºn Umn is a national hero, Alvarado a villain.

Psycholinguistics and Second Language Acquisition Term Paper

Psycholinguistics and Second Language Acquisition - Term Paper Example We are asked to memorize the three forms of verb, and I think the technique really works. I studied in an EMI (English School) in Hong Kong when I was in the primary. Later, I immigrated to Canada when I was 14 years old. When I went there, I had to study in an â€Å"English as a Secondary Language† (ESL) class. Since English was not my first language, I found it quite tough. I was not taught English grammar in Canada. Therefore, I only know English grammar as much as I was taught till my primary. I think my grammar is quite weak because I passed a lot of time in Canada where I did not learn any grammar. I came back to Hong Kong at the age of 23 and started teaching English. I have expressed and shared my English learning experiences in this paper which explain the role of various psychological factors that have influenced my learning. â€Å"Psycholinguistics is, as its name implies, basically concerned with language as a psychological phenomenon, and most characteristically, with language in the individual†. (Garman, 1990). English is known as an International language in the present age. Internationally, all communication is majorly carried out in English. There are a lot of opportunities in the rapidly developing modern world but our access to them is limited merely because of a lack of knowledge of the International language. â€Å"Learning a new language and culture increases the size of your selection pool.† (Sauve cited in Ager, 2010). I always used to think that I would go abroad to gain higher education. But, it becomes very difficult to study in a foreign country without knowing how to speak, write, read and understand English. Realization of this fact inculcated an extrinsic / instrumental motivation in me and I thought I had better learn English in order to play good in my practical life. This was where my journey of learning English language actually commenced. Before I started to study English language, I always used

CASE STUDY ASSIGNMENT DORCHESTER HOTEL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

CASE STUDY ASSIGNMENT DORCHESTER HOTEL - Essay Example The report seeks to present a critical review of these issues whereby recommendations for resolving or improving upon the issues discussed will be given at the end. 2.0 Introduction According to Datamonitor (2004) â€Å"Tesco PLC is the largest food retailer in UK, operating around 2,318 stores worldwide. It operates around operates around 1,878 stores throughout the UK, and also operates stores in the rest of Europe and Asia.† Paton (2005) also states that â€Å"Tesco has 367,000 staff worldwide (250,000 of them in the UK), 2,365 stores (1,770 in the UK), sales of more than ?37bn, and last year reported pre-tax profits of just over ?2bn.† Tesco has an estimated 30 % of the market share in the grocery industry in UK. Currently, Tesco is rated as the number one chain supermarket in the UK grocery sector as a result of different strategies it has implemented over the years. Of notable concern is that Tesco’s workforce is comprised of diverse people from different b ackgrounds which entail that managing diversity is a virtue. The success of Tesco can be attributed to various factors but particular emphasis in this case is put on the human resources practices in this organisation. ... HRM deals with the group of people employed by a business or company which produces goods and services. The aim of managing human resources is to make the organisation successful as well as to help the employees to enjoy their work in a bid to steer the operations of the organisation towards the attainment of set organisational goals. The other aim of HRM is to help the employees to do their best while at the same time making sure that they receive suitable rewards for their work. Against this background, this report seeks to critically evaluate how different HR issues such as recruitment, retention, training and development as well as performance management are implemented at Tesco. These human resources practises play a complementary role to each other in that they are meant to positively influence the actions of the employees towards the attainment of the set organisational goals. In order to achieve the objectives of the organisation, the needs for the employees cannot be separat ed from this process. Thus, the HR approach is a system of HRM that recognises that the success of the organisation depends on its human resources (Kleynhans, 2007). Thus, HRM has become more important in organisations today than ever before. Whilst different companies have access to the same technology, during the contemporary period, it is the human resources that make a difference in companies being successful and achieving their organisational goals. HRM includes policies, functions, and systems that affect employee’s behaviour, attitudes and performance (Carell et al 1995). It is these HR practices that help the company gain the advantage over its competitors. Thus, the report will specifically focus on how Tesco is implementing these

Principles in non- profit leadership Research Paper

Principles in non- profit leadership - Research Paper Example Successful leaders, however, are not just adepts in formulating plans that are in line with the organizational dynamics, but also implement of those plans keeping in view the social dynamics of the organization. In addition, leaders provide the necessary support, communicate effectively with employees and motivate them sufficiently to ensure successful execution of the formulated strategy (Mumford et al.). It is an undoubted fact that the birth and growth of non-profit organizations has placed new demands on leadership. According to two famous researchers, Herman and Heimovics, the role of leadership in non-profit organizations is demanding and intricate. There are many instances where the leadership is faced with the daunting task of reconciling various responsibilities and functions with organizational goals (Herman and Heimovics). Furthermore, there has been a pressing need for successful leadership in non-profit sectors lately. One fundamental aspect of leadership in non-profit organizations is that it must manage articulately the relationship between itself and the Board of Directors (Carver). Researchers have mostly viewed non-profit corporations as hierarchical structures defined by formal lines of authority. The law in some countries, such as the United States, defines the Board of Directors as having an authority superior to that of the executives and leadership (Carver). Thus, the Board explicitly lays down the rules, regulations, policies and procedures for the company, has the authority to accept or deny proposals or plans and settles the budgets, plans and other aspects of the organization. This is based on Max Weber’s model of bureaucracy whereby decision making is determined by formal lines of authority and chain of command (Carver). Research with respect to non-profit organizations suggests that the Board formulates the strategy and decisions, whereas, the leadership simply executes thos e

Adapting to Workplace Changes in Professionalism Essay - 1

Adapting to Workplace Changes in Professionalism - Essay Example 432). This is because the meaning of culture is said to represent different ethnic, tribal and racial groups leaving the part that addresses how the unique norms, values and beliefs influence the usage of the law or the attributes of the lawyers and the unique traits they share in law practice (Bracey, 2006). In 1975, Lawrence Friedman devised ‘legal culture’ as a concept that emphasized the notion that law is more implicit when described as a product of social forces, a system and a conduct of the same social forces. Friedman moves from the common notion that focuses on law as a set of rules and norms which can either be written or unwritten about the rights and duties of people as well as prescribing the right or wrong behavior, to advocate for a model or a ‘system’ which has a set of processes inputs and structures that send outputs to the environment. The legal culture is based on three components which are; the legal and social forces, the ‘law’ itself such as the rules and the structure, and the effects the law has on the outside world. As such, the legal culture essentially covers the social study of law (Rosen, 2006). The unique attributes shared by the legal practitioners across the globe can be traced to the traditional study of law. Initially, the social scientific study of law was mostly marginalized in universities in America in departments such as social science and law schools. However, the notion of legal culture was introduced by working with a tradition that had little connection to the American universities but some lawyers and jurists from parts of Europe such as Germany. For instance, a German jurist described the practice of law as a manifestation of the ‘spirit of the people’ and described it as an evolving culture. Though describing it from a pragmatic and rather romantic perspective, an American jurist known as Oliver Wendell Holmes also described law as a culture by referring to it as an anthropologic document

Metaphor Review Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Metaphor Review - Case Study Example unqualified and mediocre minds and this is the sole responsibility of working as a gatekeeper ( Ning, Yu.(1998) One of the challenges of the gatekeeper is that it tends to mask other dimensions instead of acting as a program me changing of the society in publishing companies it also acts as an obstacle of the publishing company. The solutions that gatekeeper provides are not the ultimate solutions because they tend to hinder to hinder other from joining the editor organization. This can be also assumed that it is the role of the pursuant to guide the organization success and failure and this should not be blamed to anyone in specific. The Gatekeeper works as a conceptual framework to solve already existing problem the issue with this is that it does not anticipate any future problem and also does not value any new change towards a new solution. The marriage metaphor the case study about the analyses the fact that marriage is one of the important life decision in business this reflects more about acquisition of new business and growth of it. It is in this circumstance that it wants to show that growth is inevitable and it is the role of the business to expand. One of the key identities of this metaphor is for organization to know how they should relate as partners when they acquire new business and also to understand key business decisions. (KÃ ¶vecses, Z.2010) In this look, it is essential to note that the business is a prevailing issue that tends to see the continuity of business and progress. There is a very big relationship of the business and it is in finding the strengths of business that shows that it is important for the future options. The solution to this is valid as the business and the world is becoming a global village and it is important to expand beyond its origin as that is the ultimate worth of expansion. It is important to note that this metaphor shows how getting the right partner is a very important strategy and it is due to this

Corrupt Societies Essay Example for Free

Corrupt Societies Essay In todays society I find that a lot of people have become materialistic. Its a new coach purse, the brand new cell phone from Verizon or a plasma screen TV that is the hype and everyone wants. Either way a person is to look at it, society is based on who has what. There is an emphasis on a persons status in their society and it is very important. I always hear my boss saying its all about the Benjamins! and hes right. Not a day goes by that a person doesnt think about what they want to buy next. Does this make us bad people? Have we all succumbed to an unconscious norm that is all materialistic? What is it to be materialistic? The Webster definition is that a person is concerned with material wealth and possessions at the expense of spiritual or intellectual values. I see it as a person that wants something so much that they would stop at nothing to have it whether it is by means of purchasing, stealing or cheating someone else out of it. Its about judging a book by its cover and not looking at the big picture of life and the world around us. When my mom was younger, things that were sought after were high diplomas and bachelors degree. Now as I grow up its a masters degree and the BMW that I may drive that gives me a status in society. There are so many times when things are taken for granted and some people find nothing wrong with this. How can a person go on in life only wondering about if they can have that brand new car or cell phone? Do the things we have define who we are as a person? I feel that every society is corrupt in its own way. Its the people, the government, our morals, values and our adaptive way of life. This is not just in fantasy books but in our real world as well. When I see how things have changed from when I was little I wonder how it all could have happened. I remember the first computer I ever got in my life and when I compare it to my laptop, its almost one eighth of what my whole computer used to be. But its not just the technology that has changed. Our perception of the world, the role we play in it and how that role has changed. Attitudes have changed and there is a difference between how people relate to each other.

History of Discovery in Classical Genetics

History of Discovery in Classical Genetics This chapter chronicles the fascinating history of discovery in classical genetics, which is the study of how genetic traits are transmitted in organisms. Key Concepts covered: Mendels laws of heredity was rediscovered and gain wide acceptance in 1900. The chromosomal theory of heredity states that genes reside on chromosomes and that chromosomal dynamics underlie the patterns of Mendelian inheritance. A fundamental observation in classical genetics was the one gene makes one protein relationship. It is now known that the relationship between genes and proteins is much more complex. Genetic Science has to be reconciled to other fields of biology. The Rediscovery of Mendels Work (1900) Darwin knew his theory of evolution is not complete without a compatible theory of heredity. In 1868, he announced that he had found a solution to heredity, but had never published it. After his death, scientists were running through his works to find clues to the theory of heredity that had gone missing. Among them was a Dutch botanist called Hugo de Vries (1848-1935). To support his theory of pangenes, de Vries conducted a series of experiments with plant hybrids in the 1890s. Unaware of Mendels work, de Vries had independently discovered Mendels Laws of Heredity. He was about to publish his work when a friend sent him a copy of Mendels original paper. Later, de Vries claimed he had discovered the sames principles on his own before learned of Mendels experiments. But he gave Mendel credit in his paper which he published in 1900. Two other scientists also independently rediscovered Mendels work: Carl Correns (1864-1933) and Erich Tschermak von Seysenegg (1871-1962). Correns was a German raised in Switzerland, and a student of Karl von Nageli the professor who had discouraged Mendel. Tschermak was an Austrian whose grandfather had been one of Mendels teachers at the University of Vienna. Mendel received wide recognition in the scientific community after William Bateson (1861-1926), an English biologist, became a passionate advocate for the new science. While riding on a train to London, Bateson read de Vries paper with its reference to Mendel; he immediately realized the significance of Mendels work. In 1905, Bateson called the new science genetics. A few years later, Wilhelm Johannsen (1857-1927), a Danish botanist, used the word genes to refer to the units of heredity. Johannsen also invented the terms genotype and phenotype. Genotype is the totality of all the organisms genes. Phenotype is the organisms physical characteristics, which are products of both the underlying genes and the effects of the environment. Chromosomal Theory of Heredity and Gene Maps As Mendels ideas was gaining acceptance in the scientific world, cell biologists wanted to figure out the physical nature of genes. What are genes made of? In the 1890s, Theodor Boveri (1862-1915), a German embryologist, pursued the question in a series of experiments with sea urchins. The eggs of sea urchins are large, transparent, and easy to study under the microscope. Because both sperm and eggs carried genes, and sperm were little more than a nucleus with a tail attached, Boveri concluded that genes must reside in the threadlike filaments called chromosomes in the nucleus of cells. Boveris hypothesis was corroboated by the discovery of two other scientists Walter Sutton (1877-1916) and Nettie Stevens (1861-1912). Sutton, a graduate student at Columbia University in New York, discovered chromosomes when he studied the chromosomes of grasshoppers in 1902. Stevens, a former student of Boveri, discovered X and Y sex chromosomes in 1905, and proposed that all genes reside on chromosomes. The Birth of the Modern laboratory Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945) was a professor of zoology at Columbia University in New York. He began breeding flies around 1905 and established the famous fly room in Columbia University. Between 1905 and 1925, the Fly Room at Columbia was the epicenter of genetics, a catalytic chamber for the new science. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity Mendel showed that, in principle, genes were inherited independently. The color of a pea had no influence on whether it was wrinkled or round. But as Morgan experimented with increasing number of fly mutants, he discovered exceptions. In 1910, mating fly mutants with white eyes to ordinary red-eyed flies, Morgan found out surprisingly that all white-eyed descendants were male. The eye-color gene must be linked to the sex gene, he thought. In 1911, he confirmed his suspicion: the eye-color gene and the sex gene are linked because they lived on the same chromosome the X chromosome. After examining thousands upon thousands of flies, Morgan discovered an important modification to Mendels laws, now known as the chromosomal theory of heredity: Genes on different chromosomes are inherited independently, but genes on the same chromosome are usually inherited together. The emphasis is on usually. In rare cases, genes on the same chromosome were not inherited together. Morgan called this phenomenon crossing over; today known as recombination. Gene Maps Morgans study on crossing over resulted in a new discovery: Genes that were closer to each other on the chromosome would never be unlinked; Genes were more prone to unlink if they were farther apart on the chromosome; Genes that had no linkage must lived on separate chromosomes. In 1911, Alfred Sturtevant (1891-1970), a twenty-year-old student of Morgans lab, collected Morgans data on the linkage of fruit fly genes and took it home. In a single night, Sturtevant plotted the first map of genes in fruit flies by using the gene linkage to set up the relative positions of genes on chromosomes. The map showed the order of genes on the chromosome and their relative distances from one another. In that evening, Sturtevant had laid the groundwork for the future cloning of genes. He had also poured the foundation for the Human Genome Project. Mutation and Transformation For evolution to occur, an organism must be able to generate genetic variations. This section covers two kinds of genetic alterations at the cellular level mutation and transformation. Mutation Mutations are by definition alterations of the genetic material. Mutations result from errors during DNA replication or other types of damage to DNA, which then may undergo error-prone repair. Mutation was first discovered by Hugo de Vries (1848-1935) in 1900, who had also independently rediscovered Mendels laws. At that time, scientists had to wait for mutations to happen in nature; they could not cause them. But that was change in 1926 when Hermann Muller (1890-1967), a former student of Thomas Morgan, discovered X-ray Mutagenesis. He discovered that radiation can greatly increase the frequency of mutation a discovery for which he received a Nobel Prize in 1946. Discovery of Transformation Principle (1928) Throughout the biological world, genes generally travel vertically ie, from parents to children, or from parent cells to daughter cells. Rarely, though, genetic materials can cross from one organism to another not between parent and child, but between two unrelated strangers. This horizontal exchange of genes is called transformation. Transformation was discovered by an English bacteriologist named Frederick Griffith (1879-1941). In 1928, Griffith performed a series of experiments using two live strains of pneumococcus bacteria: The rough coat strain was non-lethal, while the smooth coat strain was lethal. Griffith killed the lethal smooth coat strain by applying heat. He then inoculated the mice with a mixture of the dead bacteria and the live rough coat strain which was harmless. He expected the mice to live, but the mice died quickly. The experiment had proved that the genetic make-up of the non-lethal bacteria was altered by debris of the dead bacteria, causing the non-lethal bacteria to become lethal. Griffith autopsied the mice and found that the rough bacteria had changed: they had acquired the smooth coat the pathogenic-determining factor merely by contact with the debris from the dead bacteria. The harmless bacteria had somehow transformed into the lethal one. The One Gene-One Enzyme Hypothesis (1941) In the 1930s, scientists working in classical genetics were trying to figure out how genes affect the physical characteristics such as eye color in an organism. Two scientists, George Beadle (1903-89) and Edward Tatum (1909-75), had developed evidence that eye color, which is heritable, is affected by a series of genetically produced chemicals. But the complexity of flies makes it difficult to show a link between specific genes and their chemical products. In 1941, they turned to experiment on a bread mold. The fungus has a short life cycle with a simple chromosomal structure. In the experiment, Beadle and Tatum first irradiated numerous bread molds, producing molds with mutant genes. They then crossed these mutants with ordinary bread molds to create more mutants. Genetic crosses revealed that every mutant was defective in only one gene. For a bread mold to grow, all its metabolic functions have to be intact. If a mutation inactivates even one function, the mold could not grow. Beadle and Tatum used this technique to track the missing metabolic function in every mutant. They noted that every mutant was missing a single metabolic function, corresponding to the activity of a single protein enzyme. In other words, the mutation in one gene was associated with the missing of one enzyme. In this experiment, Beadle and Tatum had discovered the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis. The hypothesis saysÂÂ   one gene directly produces one enzyme, which consequently affects an individual step in a metabolic pathway. Reconciliation of genetics with Other Fields of Biology This chapter tries to reconcile the concepts in genetics to the various fields of biology. These reconciliations attempt to explain natures past, present and future through the lens of the gene. Evolution describes natures past. Variation describes its present. And embryogenesis attempts to capture the future. 1. Genes had to explain the phenomenon of variation The question is: How could discrete units of heredity explain that human heights, for instance, do not have six discrete sizes but seemingly 6 billion continuous variants? The answer was provided by an English mathematician Ronald Fisher (1890-1962) in his paper The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance, published in 1918. Fisher suggested that real-world traits such as height resulted from genes with multiple states, not a single gene with two states. Using mathematical modeling, he showed that one could generate nearly perfect continuity in phenotype on large populations. 2. Genes had to explain evolution The question is: What causes species to change? Answer: Mutation creates variations. A mutation is a change in the gene material. Mutations result from errors during DNA replication or other types of damage to DNA. The changes in the gene created changes in forms that could be selected by natural forces. 3. Genes had to explain development The question is: How could individual units of instruction prescribe the code to create a mature organism out of an embryo? See section 3.5: From Genes to Genesis. 4. Reconciliation between Genotypes and Phenotypes We are all unique. Even monozygotic twins, who are genetically identical, always have variation in the way they look and act. The observable physical characteristics of an individual organism are determined by the genetic make-up, environmental influences, change, and other factors: Genotype + environment + triggers + chance = phenotype